I ka 1872, hoʻopuka ʻia ka mea kākau ʻIritania ʻo Sheridan Le Fanu carmilla, kahi puke nūhou i loko o ka form serial e hoʻololi hou i ka subgenre fiction vampire no nā manawa āpau. ʻO ka moʻolelo o kahi wahine ʻōpio ma lalo o ka hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi vampire wahine nani a moekolohe i hoʻonāukiuki i nā manaʻo o kāna poʻe heluhelu a laila e lilo i kekahi o nā novell i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia o nā manawa āpau, e kū ana ma kahi o nā papa mele ʻē aʻe e like me ʻO ke kiʻi o Dorian Gray a ʻO Dracula ʻo nā mea ʻelua ma mua.

ʻO ke ola o Sheridan Le Fanu

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo James Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu i loko o kahi ʻohana kākau moʻokalaleo ma ʻAukake 28, 1814. ʻO kona makuakāne, ʻo Thomas Philip Le Fanu he kahuna pule o ʻIlelani a ʻo kona makuahine ʻo Emma Lucretia Dobbin kahi mea kākau nona kāna hana i kaulana loa ka moʻolelo pilikino o Kauka Charles. ʻO Orpen, he kauka Irelani a he kahuna pule nāna i hoʻokumu i ka ʻoihana ʻo Claremont no ka poʻe kuli a me ka ʻāʻā ma Glasnevin, Dublin.

Ko Le Fanu kupunahine, ʻO Alicia Sheridan Le Fanu, a me kona ʻanakala makua ʻO Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan he mau mea pāʻani pāʻani lāua a me kāna kaikamahine ʻO Rhoda Broughton lilo i mea kākau moʻolelo kūleʻa.

I kona wā ʻōpio makua, ua aʻo ʻo Le Fanu i ke kānāwai ma ke Kulanui ʻo Trinity ma Dublin akā ʻaʻole ia i hoʻomaʻamaʻa maoli i ka ʻoihana, a haʻalele iā ia e neʻe i ka puke pai. E lilo ʻo ia i mau nūpepa i kona ola e like me ka Leka Ahiahi o Dublin nāna i lawe mai nā nūpepa ahiahi ma kahi o 140 mau makahiki.

ʻO ia ka manawa i hoʻomaka ʻo Sheridan Le Fanu e kūkulu i kona kūlana maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he mea kākau o ka fiction Gothic e hoʻomaka ana me "The Ghost and the Bone-Setter" i paʻi mua ʻia ma 1838 i ka Ka Nūpepa Kula ʻo Dublin a lilo i ʻāpana o kāna hōʻiliʻili e hiki mai ana Na Pepa Pepa Pila, kahi hōʻuluʻulu o nā moʻolelo āpau i lawe ʻia mai nā palapala pilikino a kahi kahunapule i kapa ʻia ʻo Father Purcell.

I ka makahiki 1844, ua male ʻo Le Fanu iā Susana Bennett a ʻehā a ʻelua keiki a lāua. Ua ʻeha ʻo Susanna i ka “hysteria” a me nā “neurotic hōʻailona” i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka manawa a i ka makahiki 1858, ua make ʻo ia ma hope o ka “hoʻouka kaua hysterical.” ʻAʻole ʻo Le Fanu i kākau i hoʻokahi moʻolelo i nā makahiki ʻekolu ma hope o ka make ʻana o Susana. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hāpai i kāna peni e kākau i kahi mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka pili pilikino ʻana a hiki i ka hala ʻana o ka make ʻana o kona makuahine i 1861.

Mai ka makahiki 1861 a hiki i kona make ʻana i ka makahiki 1873, eia nō naʻe, ulu pono ka hana a Le Fanu kākau. Ua paʻi ʻo ia i nā moʻolelo he nui, nā hōʻiliʻili a me nā puke moʻolelo e pili ana carmilla, paʻi mua ʻia ma ke ʻano he serial a laila i kāna hōʻiliʻili o nā moʻolelo i poʻo inoa ʻia I loko o kahi anianiʻeleʻele.

carmilla

Hāʻawi ʻia e like me kahi hihia hihia na Kauka Hesselius, kahi ʻano o ka mākaʻi hoʻokalakupua, haʻi ʻia ka puke moʻolelo e kekahi wahine ʻōpio nani i kapa ʻia ʻo Laura e noho nei me kona makuakāne i ka hale mehameha ma ka hema o ʻAmelika.

I kona wā kamaliʻi, ua ʻike ʻo Laura i kahi wahine i kipa aku iā ia i loko o kona keʻena pilikino a ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua hou ʻia i ka umauma e ka wahine, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻeha i loaʻa.

ʻO Flash i mua he ʻumikūmālua mau makahiki ma hope mai, hauʻoli mau ʻo Laura a me kona makuakāne i ka hōʻea ʻana mai o kahi wahine wahine ʻē a nani hoʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo Carmilla i ko lākou puka ma hope o kahi ulia kaʻa. Aia kekahi manawa o ka ʻike koke ma waena o Laura lāua ʻo Carmilla. Me he mea lā hoʻomanaʻo lākou i kekahi i kekahi mai nā moemoeā a lākou i hānau ai i ka wā kamaliʻi.

Hoʻonohonoho ka "makuahine" o Carmilla i ka wahine ʻōpio e noho me Laura a me kona makuakāne ma ka hale aliʻi a hiki i ka wā e kiʻi ʻia ai ʻo ia a lilo koke lāua i mau hoa aloha ʻoiai nā ʻano like ʻole o ka mea mua. Hōʻole paʻa ʻo Carmilla e hui pū me ka ʻohana i nā pule, hiamoe i ka hapa nui o ka lā, a i kekahi manawa e like me ka hiamoe ʻana i ka pō. Hanaʻo ia i nā holomua aloha iā Laura i kēlā me kēia manawa.

I kēia manawa, i ke kauhale kokoke, hoʻomaka ka make ʻana o nā wahine ʻōpio i kahi maʻi ʻano ʻē. Ke piʻi nei ka helu o ka make, piʻi pū ka makaʻu a me ka hysteria i ke kauhale.

ʻO ka hoʻouna ʻana o nā kiʻi pena i hōʻea i ka hale aliʻi, a i waena o lākou kekahi kiʻi pena o Mircalla, ʻo Countess Karnstein, kahi kūpuna o Laura e like me Carmilla.

Hoʻomaka ʻo Laura e hana i nā moeʻuhane e pili ana i kahi holoholona feline ʻano ʻē i komo i loko o kona lumi i ka pō a hoʻouka iā ia, e hou ana i kona umauma me kona mau niho ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ke ʻano o ka wahine maikaʻi a nalo i ka puka aniani.

Hoʻomaka koke ke olakino o Laura e hāʻule a ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kauka i kahi ʻeha puncture ma kona umauma, ua kauoha ʻia kona makuakāne e haʻalele ʻole iā ia.

Holomua ka moʻolelo mai laila e like me ka nui o ka poʻe e hana nei. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Carmilla lāua ʻo Mircalla hoʻokahi a like a ua hoʻouna koke ʻia ʻo ia e ka lawe ʻia ʻana o kona poʻo a laila puhi lākou i kona kino a hoʻolei i kāna lehu i kahi muliwai.

ʻAʻole loa i ola ʻo Laura mai kāna pilikia.

carmillaKe kumu paʻa a me nā kumuhana Lesbi ʻole

Mai ka ʻaneʻane o kā lākou hui mua ʻana, aia kahi mea hoʻokalakupua ma waena o Laura a me Carmilla i hoʻāla i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui, keu hoʻi i waena o nā poʻe ʻepekema o kēia au i ke ʻano mele.

Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, aia kahi hoʻowalewale i hiki ʻole ke hōʻole ʻia e hana ʻia ma loko o nā ʻaoʻao he 108 a ʻoi paha o ka moʻolelo. I ka manawa like, akā paʻakikī, ʻaʻole e heluhelu i kēlā seduction ma ke ʻano he predatory e noʻonoʻo nei i ka pahuhopu hope loa a Carmilla e ʻaihue i ko Laura ola.

ʻO Le Fanu, ʻo ia iho, ka mea i akāka loa i ka moʻolelo. ʻO nā mea i mua a me nā mea hoʻopunipuni, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea i kuhikuhi i ka pilina wahine ma waena o nā mea ʻelua, ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he subtext maalea loa. Pono maoli kēia i kēlā manawa a e noʻonoʻo paha kekahi inā ua kākau ke kāne i ka puke a ʻo 30 mau makahiki paha ma hope pehea ka ʻokoʻa e kākau ʻia ai ka moʻolelo.

Eia naʻe, carmilla lilo ka blueprint no ke ʻano wahine wahine wahine wahine wahine e lilo i kumuhana poʻokela ma nā puke a me ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i ke kenekulia 20.

ʻAi wale ʻo ia i nā wahine a me nā kaikamahine. Hoʻomohala ʻo ia i ka pilina pilikino me kekahi o kāna mau wahine i hōʻeha ʻia me ka ʻaihue erotic a me ke aloha aloha i kēlā mau pilina.

Eia kekahi, ʻo kāna ʻano holoholona he pōpoki ʻeleʻele nui, kahi hōʻailona palapala e ʻike ʻia o ka hoʻokalakupua, hoʻokalakupua, a me ka moekolohe wahine.

Ke hui pū ʻia kēia mau poʻomanaʻo a pau, lilo ʻo Carmilla / Mircalla i ʻano wahine wahine pupule me ka nohona kanaka a me ka moekolohe o 19 kenekulia i hoʻokau ʻia iā ia me ka maxim e make ʻo ia i ka hopena.

Ka Hoʻoilina a Carmilla

carmilla ʻaʻole paha ka moʻolelo vampire e kamaʻilio nei kēlā me kēia e like me ka pau ʻana o ka 19 kenekulia, akā ua waiho ia i kahi kaha pau ʻole ma ka fiction fiction a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20 i ka lilo ʻana o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i ʻano mea makemake nui ʻia, ua pala no ka hoʻopili ʻana.

ʻAʻole wau e hele i loko o lākou āpau – aia a puu- akā makemake wau e paʻi i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi, a kuhikuhi i ka lawelawe ʻia ʻana o ka moʻolelo o ke ʻano.

ʻO kekahi o nā laʻana mua loa o kēia i hiki mai i ka 1936's Ke kaikamahine a Dracula. ʻO kahi hopena o 1931's ʻO Dracula, kiʻi ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo Gloria Holden ma ke ʻano ʻo Countess Marya Zaleska a kau nui i luna carmillanā poʻomanaʻo o ka vampire wahine male kāne make. I ka manawa i hana ʻia ai ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, ua paʻa paʻa ka Hays Code i hana i kahi novella i kahi koho kūpono loa no nā kumuwaiwai kumuwaiwai.

ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ke hakakā nei ka Countess i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e ʻimi i kahi ala e kāpae iā ia iho i kāna "makemake kūlohelohe" akā hāʻawi mau i ka manawa a me ka manawa hou, ke koho ʻana i nā wahine nani e like me kāna mau mea i hōʻino ʻia me Lili, kahi wahine ʻōpio i lawe ʻia i ka Countess ma lalo o ka manaʻo hoʻopunipuni o hoʻohālikelike.

Ma ka maʻamau, luku ʻia ʻo Marya ma ka hopena o ke kiʻi ma hope o ke kī ʻia ʻana i loko o ka puʻuwai me kahi pua lāʻau.

Ma hope ma 1972, ua hana ʻo Hammer Horror i kahi hoʻololi pono maoli o ka moʻolelo i kapa ʻia ʻO nā mea aloha Vampire, kēia manawa me Ingrid Pitt i ke kūlana alakaʻi. Ua huki ʻo Hammer i nā kū a pau, e hoʻonui ana i ke ʻano ʻaʻano o ka moʻolelo a me ka pilina ma waena o Carmilla a me kāna mea i loaʻa / ipo. ʻO ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni kahi ʻāpana o ka trilogy Karnstein i hoʻonui ʻia ma luna o nā kaʻao o ka moʻolelo mua a Le Fanu a lawe i ka subtext wahine ma mua.

carmilla hana i ka lele i anime i 2000's Hunter Vampire D: Koko koko ʻo ia ka hiʻohiʻona o ka vampire archetypal ma ke ʻano he protagonist waena. ʻO ia, i ka hoʻomaka o ka moʻolelo, ua luku ʻia e Dracula, ʻo ia iho, akā ke ola nei kona ʻuhane a hoʻāʻo e lawe i kona ala hou ʻana ma o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ke koko puʻupaʻa.

ʻAʻole wale nā ​​mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ʻike i ko lākou mea hoʻoulu i ka moʻolelo.

I ka makahiki 1991, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Aircel Comics i kahi helu ʻeono, ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo, hoʻololi maoli i ka moʻolelo i kapa ʻia Carmilla.

ʻO Theodora Goss ka mea kākau lanakila lanakila i hoʻohuli i ka palapala ma ka moʻolelo o ka moʻolelo kumu i kāna puke ʻO ka huakaʻi ʻEulopa no ka wahine haipule nui. ʻO ka puke ka lua o nā puke i kapa ʻia ʻO nā Adventures Nui o ka Hui Athena e kia ana ma luna o nā keiki o kekahi o nā ʻepekema huhū kaulana loa "e hakakā ana i ka hakakā maikaʻi a pale aku kekahi i kekahi mai ka Professor demented Abraham Van Helsing a me kāna mau mīkini.

I loko o ka puke, loaʻa ka hui ʻo Athena iā Carmilla lāua ʻo Laura e noho nei i kahi ola hauʻoli a kōkua pū lāua i ka lāʻau i kā lāua huakaʻi a he hanu hou ia i ka hoʻoilina o ka novella.

ʻO ka Vampire a me ke kaiāulu LGBTQ

ʻAʻole wau i ʻike no ka mea ʻo Sheridan Le Fanu i hoʻomaka e pena me ka manaʻo ʻole i nā lesbians ma ke ʻano he predatory a hewa hoʻi, akā manaʻo wau e hana ana ʻo ia mai nā manaʻo kaiāulu o kona manawa a me ka heluhelu ʻana i kāna moʻolelo hāʻawi iā mākou i kahi ʻike kikoʻī i ka mea a ka Ua noʻonoʻo ka nohona Irish i ka "ʻē aʻe."

No ka wahine i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka wahine, e lawe i kahi kuleana o ka mana, a me ka hopohopo ʻole iā ia iho me ka ʻohana a me ka hānau keiki ʻana ʻaʻole ia i lohe mua ʻia ma ʻIlelani i kēlā manawa, akā ua hoʻomau ʻia ia i nā kaiaulu. Ua nānā ʻia kēia mau wahine me ka nui o ka hilinaʻi ʻole, akā, i ka manawa a Le Fanu i lawe ai i kēlā mau manaʻo i kahi ʻanuʻu hou aʻe ma o ka hoʻohuli ʻana iā lākou i nā moʻo, lawe ʻia ka lama ʻokoʻa loa.

Ua noʻonoʻo pinepine wau inā carmilla ʻaʻole i kākau ʻia i ka pane pololei i ka make ʻana o kāna wahine ma kekahi ʻano. Hiki paha i kāna iho i loko o "fits of hysteria" ke kāhea ʻia i kēlā manawa a me kāna pili ʻana i ka haipule ʻoiai ua hōʻemi ke olakino i ke ʻano o Laura?

Ma waho o kāna mau manaʻo kumu, Sheridan Le Fanu i nakinaki paʻa ʻole i nā lesbians i nā moʻo predator a me kēlā mau manaʻo i lawe ʻia i mua i nā ala maikaʻi ʻole a maikaʻi hoʻi ma o ka 20 a i ke kenekulia 21

Hoʻomaopopo nā puke, nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a me nā kiʻi i nā manaʻo. ʻO lākou nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā catalist i waena o ke kaiāulu, a kū mau kēia trope no kahi kumu. ʻO ka moekolohe a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka moʻolelo mōʻaukala e kāpae i ka hiki i nā pilina olakino maikaʻi ma waena o nā wahine ʻelua a hoʻēmi iā lākou i nā pilina maoli.

ʻAʻole ʻo ia ka mea mua a mamao loa hoʻi mai ka mea hope loa i pena i ke kiʻi o ka vampire wai moekolohe. Ua hana ʻo Anne Rice i kahi waiwai nui e kākau i nā puke moʻolelo i piha me lākou. Ma nā puke moʻolelo a Rice, eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ia ka moekolohe e hoʻolilo i kekahi i vampire "maikaʻi" a i ʻole "maikaʻi". Akā, ʻo ia ka ʻike o kā lākou ʻano a pehea e mālama ai i kā lākou mau hoa.

Me kēia mau mea āpau, paipai mau wau e heluhelu i ka novella. carmilla He moʻolelo hoihoi a puka aniani hoʻi i loko o ka wā kahiko o ko mākou kaiāulu.