** Palapala a ka Lunahooponopono: ʻO ka Queer Gothic Foundation o ka weliweli o kēia manawa kahi ʻāpana o kā mākou papa hoʻomau ma Mahina Haʻaheo weliweli, ke nānā nei i ke komo ʻana o ke kaiāulu LGBTQ i ke kālai ʻana i kēia ʻano.

Aia kekahi mea decadent e pili ana i ka moʻolelo weliweli Gothic. ʻO ia paha nā manors hanohano a me nā kuahiwi i uhi ʻia e ka noe. Malia paha, ʻo nā kāne a me nā wahine i ʻaʻahu nani ʻia.

Hoʻokahi mea akāka, akā naʻe, ma ka noiʻi ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i kēlā mau huaʻōlelo: ʻo ke kākau ʻana o kēlā mau moʻolelo weliweli ka mea e weliweli ai i kēia lā, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā lima e paʻa ana nā peni hana, nā lākou iho.

Ma lalo ʻoe e ʻike ai i kahi papa inoa o kekahi o kēia mau mea kākau kupaianaha.

horace walpole

Ke hoʻi nei i nā kenekulia ʻekolu, ʻike mākou ʻO ka Castle o Otranto. Ua noʻonoʻo nui ʻia ka puke Gothic mua, ua kākau ʻia ka moʻolelo e Horatio "Horace" Walpole, 4th Earl o Orford. ʻO Walpole ke keiki a ke Kuhina Nui Pelekane mua, a mai kona wā mua loa ua maopopo he "maʻamau" ia e nā kūlana kaiāulu o ka lā.

Nui ka poʻe i kuhi manaʻo he kāne kāne ʻo Walpole, ʻoiai ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā mea mōʻaukala hou loa e pili ana i ke ʻano aesexual maoli no ka mea ke ʻike ʻole ʻo ia i ka makemake kino i kekahi. Ua kuhi ʻia ʻo ia, e like me nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe i kūkā ʻia ma aneʻi, huli i ke kākau ʻana i nā moʻolelo weliweli ma ke ʻano he code no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke kamaʻilio ākea e pili ana i kā lākou moekolohe ma muli o ke kūpono ʻole o ka moekolohe.

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Walpole e noho manawa me nā wahine e like me Mary Berry, kahi mea kākau moʻolelo ʻole o ka manawa i kapa ʻia he mau wahine wahine, no ka hōʻole ʻana i kekahi mau noi no ka male a me kāna mau hōʻino kūpilikiʻi i nā kūlana male kaiaulu. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā wahine i hōʻike iki ʻole i ka hoihoi aloha iā ia.

ʻO ka puke, ʻo ia nō ka mea i hoʻokumu i nā mea a me nā mea hoʻonani e kū nei i loko o ka moʻomeheu Goth o kēia lā e hoʻohui nei i kahi moʻolelo weliweli a pīhoihoi hoʻi me kahi ʻano medieval, a he nui nā mea kākau e hiki mai ana i kahi hōʻaiʻē nui i ka puke a Walpole i kau ʻia. kahua no kā lākou puke ponoʻī.

William Thomas Beckford

Ke neʻe nei i mua i ka manawa, ʻike mākou iā William Thomas Beckford, no ʻEnelani pū kekahi.

Hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1760, hoʻopiha ʻo Beckford i nā kūlana he nui i kona wā e ola ana ma ke ʻano he novelist, politician, art patron, crit, and traveller kākau Ua mare ʻia ʻo ia, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia nona, a hānau ka wahine i ʻelua mau kaikamahine.

Eia nō naʻe, e like me kā Lord Byron e kākau ai ma hope o kāna mele "To Dives – A Fragment", ua hoʻowalewale ʻia ʻo Beckford i nā hana kūamuamu ʻia "a" ua hahau ʻia me ka make wai ʻoluʻolu ʻole o Crime i kapa ʻole ʻia. " ʻO kā Byron haumana ʻo EH Coleridge i ʻōlelo i kāna hōʻiliʻili o kā Byron mau hana i kākau kikoʻī ʻia kēia mau laina e pili ana iā Beckford. ʻAʻole ia he lele iki e heluhelu i nā laina e like me kahi ʻōlelo kuhi ʻia i ko Beckford makemake nui.

He ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻolilo ʻo Beckford i kekahi mau makahiki no ka lawe pio ʻana ma muli o kahi aloha aloha kāne kāne i loaʻa iā ia me kahi kanaka ʻōpio nona ka inoa ʻo William "Kitty" Courteney. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke noho pū, ua kākau ʻo Beckford iā William pinepine a ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kekahi o kēlā mau leka i kahi puke i kapa ʻia Kuʻu Keiki Aloha: Nā Palapala Aloha Gay ma waena o nā Kenekulia.

Ma waena o kā Beckford mau palapala he nui ka puke, ʻO Vathek, kahi moʻolelo Gothic ʻano ʻē a wili hoʻi kahi e hoʻolei ai ke ʻano titular i kāna kūpaʻa iā Islam a hāʻawi iā ia iho i kahi litany o nā moekolohe moekolohe i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka mana kupua. Ke kūleʻa ʻole kēlā mau hana, huli ʻo ia i nā hana keu aku e like me ka mōhai ʻana o 50 keiki i kāna ʻimi i ka mana.

Ua huki ʻo Beckford mai kahi lehulehu o nā kumuwaiwai i ka hana ʻana ʻO Vathek me nā Qu'ran a me nā moʻolelo o ka Hikina i makemake nui ʻia i kēlā manawa. Ua hoʻohui pū ʻo ia i ka mystic, Jinn ahi a me ke akua wahine ʻo Bilqis i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā ʻōlelo haipule he nui. I kēia lā, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā hana mua o nā moʻolelo moemoeā pouli.

Francis Lathom

Hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1774, he 14 mau makahiki wale nō ma hope o Beckford, ua lilo ʻo Francis Lathom i mea kākau moʻolelo kaulana a me ka mea hoʻokani pila. ʻO nā kūlana e pili ana i kāna hānau ʻana he ʻeleʻele ia i ka maikaʻi loa, akā ʻike mākou ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i kāna ʻoihana moʻokalaleo ma Norwich i 1791.

I ka makahiki 1797, ua launa ʻo ia a male ʻo ia iā Diana Ganning, a ʻehā a lāua keiki, akā i ka 1810, ua holo ʻo ia mai ka male ʻana, a ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā lono o ka manawa i kāna aloha aloha kāne ke kumu o kona haʻalele ʻana me ka wehewehe ʻole.

Ua pau kāna ʻoihana moʻokalaleo i ka manawa like, akā mahalo, ua hana mua ʻo ia i kekahi mau puke Gothic e kōkua ai i ke ʻano o nā ʻano i nā wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO kēlā mau mea, ʻo ka mea kaulana a hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia Ka Bele Lua aumoe.

I loko o ka puke, ua hoʻomaka kahi kanaka ʻōpio nona ka inoa ʻo Alphonsus Cohenburg e ʻimi e loaʻa hou kāna mau waiwai i ʻaihue ʻia. ʻO nā hapakolu ʻelua o ka puke e ukali i nā tropes āpau o kahi moʻolelo ʻimi maʻamau e like me ka hana ʻana a Alphonsus i nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe i ka hūnā ʻana e like me ka koa a me ka mea miner.

ʻO ka hapakolu hope loa ia o ka puke, akā naʻe, ua hoʻokūpaʻa i kona kaulana ma ke ʻano he moʻolelo weliweli Gothic quintessential. Hoʻopiha koke ʻia ka puke me nā kiʻi gothic i loko o ka hale aliʻi ʻo Cohenburg a komo pū kekahi me nā moʻolelo o nā helehelena i lilo i cabal o nā mōneka ʻino e hui malū i ka waiwai.

ʻO ke poʻo inoa e pili ana i ka bele e kāhea i kēlā mau mōneka i kā lākou ʻano ʻeleʻele.

Kaulana ka moʻolelo i kona manawa a ua hoʻokomo ʻo Jane Austen iā ia ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā "novels weliweli" āna i ʻōlelo ai iā ia. Abbey o Northanger.

ʻO kēlā me kēia mea i ʻike i nā kiʻi decadent Hammer Horror o nā makahiki 60 hiki ke makaʻala maʻalahi i nā mana o Lathom.

ʻO Matthew Lewis

ʻAʻole like me nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe o kēia papa inoa, ʻaʻohe hōʻike maoli e pili ana ʻo Matthew "Monk" Lewis i ka hana moekolohe iā ia iho. ʻO ke kumuhana kekahi i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia, me nā hōʻike mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa i hoʻoholo ʻole ʻia. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa a hiki i kēia lā me ka nānā ʻole.

Loaʻa ʻole ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo maoli, ʻo kāna kumuhana kumuhana ia, ʻaʻole i kona ola ponoʻī, i ʻike iā ia ua hoʻopili ʻia ma aneʻi.

Puke moʻolelo kaulana a Lewis, Ka Moneka, i kākau ʻia i kona wā he 19 wale nō ona makahiki a ua hoʻomāinoino ʻia mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kāna anti-Catholicism ʻoi loa a me nā kiʻi o ke kapa keʻa, ka neʻe ʻana o ke kāne a me nā pilina kāne a me nā kāne.

Ke kuka no Ka Moneka like me ka lepo a paʻakikī hoʻi e like me nā mea aʻu i heluhelu ai e hana ana i kahi synopsis pōkole. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kahi hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo piha ma Wikipediaakā naʻe.

He maikaʻi loa a weliweli ia e like me kekahi o kāna ʻano aʻu e heluhelu ai, a pono ma nā papa helu heluhelu e koi ʻia ana no ka poʻe e heluhelu ana i ka mōʻaukala o ka weliweli.

ʻO Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu

Pēlā e hoʻomaka ai ka ʻāpana ʻIrani o kēia papa inoa.

ʻO Sheridan Le Fanu, e like me kona ʻike ʻoihana, hānau ʻia ma ʻIlani i 1814, a i kona wā e ola ana ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā haʻi nui o ka ʻuhane a me nā moʻolelo weliweli o kāna hanauna.

ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o kāna mau moʻolelo i ʻike maikaʻi a hiki i kēia lā, ʻo kāna novella ia carmilla lawe iā ia i kēia papa inoa.

Ua haʻi ʻia ka moʻolelo e kāna protagonist, ʻo Laura, a pili i kahi wahine wahine wahine i kapa ʻia ʻo Carmilla me ka mea a Laura i ʻike ai ua hauʻoli loa ʻo ia. ʻOiai ʻo Le Fanu e kākau nei me kahi nui o ka nānā e pili ana i ka moekolohe maoli o kāna mau mea, he leʻaleʻa wale kā Laura a me ke ʻano o ka pilina o kāna pilina me Carmilla i lele mai ka ʻaoʻao.

Ua mālama ʻia ka puke moʻolelo ma ke ʻano he kumu no nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ke kahua, a ua lilo i pae gula no nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i hoʻāʻo i ko lākou lima i ke kākau ʻana i nā novel vampire lesbi.

ʻO Oscar Wilde

ʻOiai ka hapanui e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka wī a me ka hoʻomākeʻaka a Oscar Wilde, ʻaʻole pono e poina kekahi i kāna kākau ʻana i ka mea kaulana loa ʻO ke kiʻi o Dorian Gray.

Malia paha ʻaʻole kahi moʻolelo ʻē aʻe i hōʻike piha i ka pīhoihoi o ke kaiāulu me ka ʻōpio a me ka virility a me ka moʻolelo a Wilde o ka mea pohihihi Dorian Gray nāna ka pena nona iho i kēlā me kēia makahiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki ke ʻano ʻōpio a nani ʻo ia.

Ua lawe ʻo Wilde i kahi manawa i ʻaʻa ai kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe i kona wā e ola ana, e hōʻike ākea ana i kona ola, a ua hopena ʻia i loko o kona hale paʻahao no ka "moekolohe kolohe" no ʻelua mau makahiki, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻi kiʻekiʻe i ʻae ʻia i kēlā manawa.

ʻO kāna pale ʻōlelo wahaheʻe a ʻaʻohe i kona wā hoʻokolokolo ponoʻī ka mea o nā kaʻao a ua hāpai kūpono ʻia ʻo ia i kiʻi ma ke kaiāulu koʻikoʻi a hiki i kēia lā.

Ke ʻeli hohonu nei i loko ʻO ke kiʻi o Dorian Gray, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ʻelima mau makahiki ma mua o kona hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana, ʻike mākou i kahi puke i paʻi ʻia i nā mana like ʻole i hōʻike mua ʻia i loko o ka makasina mahina ma kahi o nā paʻi i holoi ai ma kahi o 500 mau huaʻōlelo no ka makaʻu i nā hopena kū kānāwai ma kāna ʻike kolohe.

Ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia a paʻi ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano puke, hou i nā mana like ʻole, ma muli o ke kumuhana kumuhana.

He kanaka ʻōpio ʻo Dorian e makaʻu nei i ka ʻino o nā makahiki ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana i ka ʻāpana me Lord Henry Wotton. Ke ulu nei kona makaʻu, makemake ʻo ia e kūʻai aku i kona ʻuhane i mea e pakele ai i ka ʻelemakule a me ka make, a e like me ka pinepine o kēia mau moʻolelo, ua ʻae ʻia kāna makemake.

Ua lilo ʻo Grey ka Libertine hope loa, e noho nei i kahi nohona decadent ma muli o kāna nani nui ʻole i mae ʻole, ʻoiai ke hoʻomau mau nei kāna kiʻi, e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona o kona mau makahiki a me nā lilo o kāna mau hewa he nui ma kona kino.

Ke hoʻomaka nei nā hopena o kona ola e hopu iā ia, huhū ʻo Dorian i kekahi ahiahi a lawe i kahi pahi i ka pena, e hou ana i ka puʻuwai. Lohe ʻia kāna mau uē ma ke alanui a i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai kona kino, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ka ʻelemakule maʻi, ʻoiai ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ke kiʻi i kona ʻano maoli.

ʻO ke kumu ke kumu o ka nui o nā adaptation i loko o kahi o 130 mau makahiki mai kona paʻi mua ʻana a ke hoʻomau nei i ka hoʻoulu i ka manaʻo a hiki i kēia lā.

ʻO Bram Stoker

Manaʻo wau ua lohe wale wau i kahi kani kani.

No ka poʻe he nui, ʻo ka nūhou ʻo Bram Stoker kahi kāne kāne pani pani ʻia e like me ke keu, akā he ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ia. Ka mea kākau o ʻO Dracula ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kākau i ka puke i ka manawa i hoʻokolokolo ʻia ai kāna hoa aloha ʻo Oscar Wilde no ka hana kolohe loa.

Ua huki ʻia ke ola hūnā huna a kākau ʻia e pili ana i ka kikoʻī e David J. Skal i kāna puke Kekahi mea i loko o ke Koko: Ka Moʻolelo ʻole o Bram Stoker, ke kāne nāna Wrote Dracula.

I loko o ia mea, ʻāpana ʻāpana like ʻo Skal i ke ola o ka mea kākau moʻolelo nui e kuhikuhi ana ʻaʻole wale i kona aloha me Wilde, akā i ka pili mau a me ka pilina koʻikoʻi me ka hoa kākau moʻolelo ʻo Hall Caine. ʻO kāna mau leka uila iā Walt Whitman, eia naʻe, e hāʻawi iā mākou i ka ʻike nui loa i ko Stoker ola pilikino a me nā makemake.

Ua kākau ʻo ia iā Whitman ua makemake nui ʻo ia e "kūlohelohe" ma mua o ka mea kākau, e kāhea ana iā Whitman he "kāne maoli" e ʻōlelo ana e ʻae ʻo ia e "haumāna i mua o kāna Haku" i ke alo o Whitman.

Me kēia ʻike, ua mōakāka kekahi mau mea ke heluhelu i ka puke moʻolelo a ka mea kākau. Kūleʻa nui ia i ka pilina o Dracula me Harker i ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o nā wahine wahine vampiric a Count i ke kanaka ʻōpio maikaʻi, ua pale ʻo Dracula iā ia mai iā lākou, e ʻōlelo ana "Naʻu kē kāne!"

ʻOiaʻiʻo ke kūlana o ʻO Dracula ke noho nei a ma ka nānā pono ʻia ʻana hiki ke heluhelu ʻia ma ke ʻano he puke e ʻapo i kāna mele mai nā ʻaoʻao mua loa. Nui ka ʻaiʻē o ke ʻano weliweli o kēia au me Bram Stoker.

ʻO Rosa Campbell Praed

He wahine kupaianaha ʻo Rosa Campbell Praed.

Hānau ʻia ma Nūhōlani i ka makahiki 1851, ua kākau ʻo Praed ma o nā ʻano he nui e ʻapo ana i ka moʻomeheu i ka manawa i lohe ʻole ʻia. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea kākau mua i hoʻokomo i nā huapalapala Aboriginal i kāna kākau ʻana a hana me ke ʻano hanohano i ʻike maka ʻole ʻole ʻia e kekahi.

ʻO kāna moʻolelo kahi o ka loli mau a me ka loli, akā hoʻokahi mea a mākou e ʻike ai ua ola ʻo ia no 30 mau makahiki me kahi mea ʻuhane i kapa ʻia ka inoa ʻo Nancy Harward, a ʻo ia ka manawa i huli ʻo ia i kāna peni i nā moʻolelo ʻuhane a nā moʻolelo kaʻao e like me kāna puke moʻolelo ʻO Nyria ka mea, ua hoʻohauʻoli ʻia ia ma hope, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā moʻolelo e pili ana i kahi mea pākana.

Ua hoʻopuka ʻo ia ma hope i ka moʻohelu moʻohelu kālā o nā kau i hōʻike mai i nā ʻike o kahi kaikamahine ʻōpio ʻo Nyria ka mea i noho ma Roma ma kahi o 1800 mau makahiki i hala.

ʻO ka puke a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā transcript o ka hana trance o ka medium i hele mai i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka neʻe ʻana o ka spiritualist a me kāna mau moʻolelo o ka hoʻokalakupua a me ke ola hou ʻana i kōkua i ke ʻano o ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻaʻole wale o nā puke moʻolelo a me nā moʻolelo wale nō, akā i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hoʻi.